Liver may be the principal detoxifying organ and metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals (FR) constantly. for liver diseases are discussed. > 0.05). This indicates that HBx protein itself may not directly participate in the development of liver cancer 21. Ha et al. found that HBx-induced ROS activates hepatocellular carcinogenesis via dysregulation of the phosphate gene 22. Wang et al. found that HBx can induce active oxygen production in normal liver cell line LO2 through the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF\B) signaling pathway, which could partially clarify how HBV causes HCC 23. HCV infection activates antigen-presenting cells (APCs), KCs, and dendritic cells (DCs) in the liver and triggers persistent inflammation that causes continuous apoptosis and regeneration of liver cells 24. During this cycle, high turn-over of hepatocytes leads to a high occurrence of DNA mutations which in turn damage the hepatocytes’ normal function and progresses to HCC 25. One study found that HCV-associated YL-109 HCC patients had higher oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2′ -deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG) and reactive oxygen metabolites than HBV-related HCC patients, indicating more oxidative stress from HCV infection 26. Furthermore, serological tests also indicated that the iron accumulation in HCV-infected hepatocytes (especially in lysosomes) was always elevated. ROS in liver fibrosis and cirrhosisHepatic stellate cells (HSC) and KCs are associated with the occurrence and development of cirrhosis 27, 28. Activated HSC can transform into myofibroblast cells (MFCs), which are involved in the formation of liver fibrosis and the reconstruction of intrahepatic constructions by proliferating and secreting extracellular matrix. (warm), or going through cool ischemia preservation (cool)42. Rewarming ischemia happens YL-109 during transplantation procedure for the graft typically, when the cool liver organ can be put through body or space temperatures while carrying out the vascular reconstruction, termed reperfusion 43 also. The I/R damage mainly problems the sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC). Platelets stimulate SEC apoptosis on reperfusion from the cool ischemic liver organ 44. NO creation by platelets in combination with ROS synthesis on reoxygenation can lead to the formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which GINGF is a highly reactive inducer of apoptosis in endothelial cells 45. KCs are activated upon reperfusion; and become the main source of vascular ROS 46 which leads to an increased phagocytosis, lysosomal enzymes, and various cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)47. Furthermore, during the early stage after reperfusion (< 2 hours), the dramatic increase of oxygen free radicals leads to liver cell death 48. The late phase of liver injury (6 - 48 hours) is an inflammatory disorder thought to be mediated by recruited neutrophils. Neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes and ROS, which contribute to the damage YL-109 of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC).The early and late stages together comprise the development of hepatic I/R injury 49. It has been determined that both necrosis (during the extended ischemic phase) and apoptosis (during the late phase of reperfusion) occur in hepatic I/R injury; the entire I/R procedure is an oncotic process 50. Liver I/R injury is not only related to the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating system, but also to xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) 51. During ischemia, xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), the physiologic form other enzyme, is converted to the oxygen radical-producing form XOD 52. Concurrently, there is an accumulation of xanthine, the substrate for XOD. On reoxygenation, XOD reacts with molecular oxygen to produce ROS. In fact, the mitochondrion also sustains injury and becomes a significant source of ROS 53. In isolated hepatocytes subjected to anoxia and reoxygenation, mitochondria were identified as sources of ROS formation that caused cell injury 54. Then, the free radical scavenging system in ischemic tissue is impaired, which aggravates the damage of free radicals to the tissue after ischemic.