Nanomedicine can play a role in improving both active and passive immunotherapy, depending on the functions for which the different NPs have been designed and the processes in which they participate (Figure 12). to improve the current available immunotherapies. Nanotechnology is a new field that has had a great impact on medicine and biomedical research, as it allows for a high-specific targeted delivery to tumour or immune cells, better clinical outcomes and reduces adverse effects, helping the delivery of vaccines and immunomodulating agents. This is made possible by nanoparticles (NPs), which can be highly variable in structure and function. Bearing all this in mind, it seems highly interesting to explore all these fields (nanotechnology, immune-oncology, immunotherapy, nanomedicines, etc.) in order to find and discover synergies and 3-O-(2-Aminoethyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 new opportunities; thus, here, the major features and achievements in these areas are briefly reviewed. 2. Nanomedicine Nowadays, nanomedicine is an emerging and highly relevant area due to the fact that great advances have been made in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, and hormonal problems. To understand the development and possible applications of nanomedicine, it is necessary to define the concept of nanotechnology. 2.1. Nanotechnology: Brief Description Nanotechnology can be defined as the development of science and technology at atomic and molecular levels, at the scale of approximately 1C100 nm, to obtain a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at that nanoscale and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have new properties and functions because of their size [1]. Nanotechnology has been emerging in science and technology for the last 20 years. When working at this scale, matter undergoes radical changes in its physical and chemical properties, such as in electrical conductivity, colour, and resistance or elasticity, giving it interesting properties that can be used in many applications in different fields, including electronics, 3-O-(2-Aminoethyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 medicine, engineering, environment and energy [1,2]. There are many studies describing a wide number of current nanotechnology applications in multiple fields, such as oil recovery, the formation of conductive films that can be used in electronic devices or even 3-O-(2-Aminoethyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 improving anaesthesia in medicine, as just a few examples that illustrate the broad fields of applications [3,4,5,6]. 2.2. Nanomedicine: Concept The application of nanotechnology in the health sciences has given rise to nanomedicine, a new LHCGR discipline that aims to develop tools for diagnosing, preventing and treating diseases at an early stage of their development [1]. Nanomedicine is an interdisciplinary field in which nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology interact with the life sciences. It is expected that nanomedicine will lead to the development of better devices, drugs and other applications for early diagnosis or treatment of a wide range of diseases with high specificity, efficacy and personalization with the aim of improving the quality of life of patients. Because of its broad scope, it is expected that nanomedicine can be involved in all aspects of medicine, i.e., enter into conventional clinical practice. Nanomedicine differs from other types of conventional medicines in that it involves the development and application of materials and technologies with nanometric length scales [7]. Nanomedicine covers three main areas: nanodiagnosis, controlled drug delivery (nanotherapy), and regenerative medicine. All these areas are briefly described below [1]. Among other nanotechnology strategies, NPs are the key component that allows the development of nanomedicine, and currently there is a great variety of 3-O-(2-Aminoethyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 them. The properties of these NPs are affected by their size, shape, and surface bio-functionalization which is relevant for the characterisation of the NPs for each particular medical application. This comprehensive characterisation and precision synthesis allow for these NPs to perform specific functions and these functions can be correlated with specific characteristics of the NPs. In addition to characterization, the development of new methods of separation and purification of NPs is also needed to produce optimal samples for nanomedical applications and to study the behaviour of.